Net migration from Mexico to the United States, both legal and illegal, now stands at zero—or less. In other words, the number of migrants coming here from Mexico is equal to, or less than, the number of migrants leaving or being deported from the United States and returning to Mexico. That is the main conclusion of a new report from the Pew Hispanic Center, which echoes last year’s findings by researchers in the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) at Princeton University and the Universidad de Guadalajara. The Pew report points out that this trend is the result of several factors, ranging from U.S. economic conditions to Mexican birth rates. The report also cautions that the trend could conceivably be reversed when the U.S. job market recovers and labor demand grows.
According to the report, the number of legal and unauthorized immigrants journeying from Mexico to the United States dropped from 2.9 million during the 1995-2000 period to 1.4 million in 2005-2010. At the same time, the number of migrants who left (or were expelled from) the United States and returned to Mexico rose from 670,000 in 1995-2000 to 1.4 million in 2005-2010. Notably, this figure includes roughly 300,000 U.S.-born children who left the country with their parents. Of the people who left the United States bound for Mexico, anywhere from 5% to 35% were deported. Roughly half of all Mexican immigrants in the United States are unauthorized.
The report explains that the fall of immigration from Mexico, and the rise of return migration to Mexico, has many causes. There is the sluggish U.S. economy, which is creating few jobs for either immigrant or native-born workers. Within Mexico, growing job opportunities and a declining birth rate are lessening the pressures upon Mexicans to leave their country, either legally or illegally, in search of better opportunities. Moreover, unauthorized immigrants seeking to enter the country from Mexico now face possible death at the hands of the violent criminal gangs which have come to control smuggling routes into the United States. Finally, within the United States, border-enforcement measures and record-setting numbers of deportations of both unauthorized and legal immigrants (and their U.S.-citizen children) may be dissuading some potential migrants from coming, and persuading others to leave.
However, it would be a mistake to infer from the Pew report that enforcement alone will solve the problem of unauthorized immigration. While net legal and illegal immigration from Mexico may be zero, there are still 6.1 million unauthorized Mexican immigrants living in the United States, and 5.1 million unauthorized immigrants from countries other than Mexico. Approximately three-fifths of unauthorized immigrants have been here for more than a decade. And 4.5 million native-born, U.S.-citizen children have at least one unauthorized parent.
In other words, most of the unauthorized immigrants now in the country are thoroughly ingrained in the U.S. social fabric. The recession didn’t force them out of the country, high unemployment didn’t do the trick, the enforcement-only policies of the Bush and Obama administrations didn’t work, and the anti-immigrant laws passed by state governments haven’t triggered a mass exodus.
Photo by aaronernestoortizlopez.
FILED UNDER: Mexican Migration Project, México, undocumented immigration
